Development and Functional Analysis of Th2-Biased Lipid-Modified CD1d Ligand
Keywords:
Lipid antigen, CD1d, α-GalCer, Lipid modification, Th1/Th2Abstract
CD1d, one of the lipid antigen-presenting proteins, binds to a glycolipid ligand and forms a CD1d-ligand complex, which is recognized by NKT cells and induces the secretion of various cytokines including Th1 and Th2 cytokines. The cytokines are known to control immune responses, Th1 cytokines (e.g. IFN-γ) are involved in cell-mediated immunity such as tumor clearance and protection against infection, and Th2 cytokines (e.g. IL-4) are associated with humoral immunity such as allergies and promotion of antibody production. Recent studies revealed that the balance of the cytokines released by NKT cells depends on the CD1d ligand structures. α-GalCer (KRN7000) is a representative ligand and has a potent activity to induce both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. On the other hand, OCH is known as a Th2-selective CD1d ligand, and several clinical trials on using the ligand in patients with multiple sclerosis and Crohn’s disease are ongoing. However, few studies of potent Th2-selective CD1d ligands have been reported compared with those of Th1-selective ligands, and the detailed mechanism of cytokine balance regulation remains unclear. Therefore, the development of potent Th2-selective ligands and elucidation of their biasing mechanism are required. In this article, we review the reported Th2-biased CD1d ligands and the cellular imaging with Th2-biased lipid-modified CD1d ligands for understanding Th1/Th2 selectivity.
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